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the cylinder No. 2, and project over in No. 3 the elevation of the lower part of the cylinder not affected by the cutting plane. Then to find the contour of the section, choose any points 2, b, 3, in the line KP; from these let fall projectors into the HP, cutting the circle No. 2 in the points 2'2" ; 3'3". Similarly through points 1, 2, b, 3, 4, in KP, No. 1, draw projectors parallel to the IL through the axial line a' No. 3, and on them set off from No. 2 the lengths of the lines 2'2" ; 3'3" ; then a curve drawn through the points thus obtained will give the required projection. As the cylinder is standing vertically on the HP, the plan of No. 3, although having its upper surface in- clined to its base, will still be a circle ; but as that surface is in section, it has to be cross-lined as shown in No. 4. Next, let the direction of the cutting plane be KP, No. 5, and an elevation and plan of the section be required, when the part to the left of tlie cutting plane is removed. 103 104 FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING DRAWING 105 The portion of the cylinder left in this case is called an ungula, and the required elevation and plan of the section are obtained in a similar way to No. 3 and No. 4. First, to find the elevation : choose, as before, a convenient number of points in the line KP ; from them let fall projectors, cutting the plan of the cylinder No. 6, as was done in No. 2. Similarly, from the same points draw parallel to the IL projectors through the axial line No. 7, and on these set off, in their proper order, the lengths of the corresponding lines found